8 min read When small business owners get their monthly financial statements, their eyes quickly focus on the bottom line of the income statement. Key Takeaways The Blame Game: The positive profits and not-so-positive cash flow riddle is essentially an accounting issue. The situation can usually be blamed on using cash for things that don’t show up on the income statement. The Reasons for Changes in Cash Flow: Knowing when and how expenses and revenues are recognized on the income statement is key evidence in the negative cash flow mystery. See The Full Picture With A Statement of Cash Flows: To see an accurate picture of your cash flow, you have to consider more than your company’s cash disbursem*nts. To understand the disappearing cash magic trick, take a closer look. If profit is good, their gaze gradually moves to cash in the bank or the cash account on the balance sheet, where they may be surprised to see that cash didn’t grow as much as they thought it should. The owner then asks the question, “How can I have made a profit but have so little cash?” To understand where your cash has gone, you must first understand the relationship between profit and cash flow, and how each is calculated..jpg?width=687&name=AdobeStock_56034775-min%20(1).jpg "Why Profits Don't Equal Cash Flow (6)")
Profit vs. Cash Flow: Is Cash Flow the Same as Profit?
In the non-business world, cash flow and profit might sometimes be thought of as the same thing. If you have money flowing into your personal bank account, you might think of this as a personal profit.
In business, however, cash flow and profit are two very different figures that come from different financial reports. So, what does profit mean in business and what does cash flow mean in business?
Profit Definition in Business
Profit = Total Revenue - Total Expenses
Profit (also referred to as net income) is shown on an income statement and equals revenues minus the expenses associated with earning that income. This measures the ongoing sustainability of the company.
Profit is also one of the figures used to calculate cash flow. In fact, you’ll find net income on a cash flow statement’s top line.
Cash Flow Definition in Business
Cash flow (also called net cash flow) measures the ability of the company to pay its bills. It is calculated using a cash flow statement that records all of the money flowing into and out of the business over a set period of time.
The cash balance is the cash received minus the cash paid out during the time period. When cash on hand is negative, the company has spent more cash than it has brought in during that time period. Conversely, if the cash on hand is positive, the company has brought in more money than it has spent during the time period.
There are a few different formulas for calculating and thinking about cash flow in different ways (free cash flow is the one that you’ll use to assess your business’s overall cash flow for a set period of time):
- Free Cash Flow = Net Income + Depreciation/Amortization - Change in Working Capital - Capital Expenditure
- Operating Cash Flow = Operating Income + Depreciation - Taxes + Change in Working Capital
- Cash Flow Forecast = Beginning Cash + Projected Inflows - Projected Outflows = Ending Cash
Cash Flow vs. Profit: What’s the Difference?
Let’s look at an example for further clarification.
- Profit for the Period = Revenue ($10,000 total sales) less expenses ($5,000) = positive $5,000 profit
- Cash flow for the period = Cash-in ($5,000 cash sales) less cash-out ($5,000 cash paid out) = $0 cash flow
In this scenario comparing net income vs. cash flow, the business had $5,000 in net income but a net cash flow of $0. How can this be?
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Net Income and Cash Flow Variances: The Blame Game
The positive profits and not-so-positive cash flow riddle is essentially an issue with accounting that commonly occurs in two types of situations:
Unreflected Cash Items
Firstly, variances can often be blamed on using cash for items that do not appear on the income statement.
Accrual-Basis Accounting
Secondly, cash flow and profit variances can also occur as a result of the accrual accounting method. The timing difference between when revenues and expenses are recognized in the books compared to their actual collection and payment can result in variances where the books recognize revenue or expenses that have not yet actually been received or paid.
Since accountants generally prepare financial statements using accrual-basis accounting, this is a common reason for variances between cash flow and profit. With this method, expenses are reported only when goods or services are completely consumed, regardless of when the bill got paid.
Similarly, revenues are reported only when the product or service has been delivered to the customer and the company has earned the right to receive a cash payment, regardless of when the client pays you.
Side note: Cash-basis accounting, which tracks the movement of cash through a business to calculate net income, would show a more accurate reflection of a business’s cash in the bank.
However, this method is not the best practice because it shows profitability based on cash flow and does not show the true profit of the month. Standard accounting best practices follow the matching principle in which expenses are matched with their associated revenues in a reporting period.
Read More: Seasonal Business Or Not, Cash Flow Can Get Muddy Fast
The Reasons for Changes in Cash Flow
Knowing when and how expenses and revenues are recognized on the income statement is key evidence in the negative cash flow mystery. To see the full cash flow story, you want to look at the Statement of Changes in Cash Flow.
The cash account in the cash flow statement has three areas to investigate:
- Cash Flows From Operations
- Cash Flows From Investments
- Cash Flows From Financing
To help you in your detective work, here are some examples of situations that could be the source of a company’s negative cash flow and positive profit discrepancy.
Read more: How to Improve Your Cash Flow During Inflationary Times
#1 Investing in Consumables
Your company has spent more in cash than what is expensed by accounting because the business is investing in consumable products (Cash Flows From Operations).
Let’s say a vendor had a sale on an inventory item. You take advantage of the sale and buy $1,000 of the item, but only sell $500 worth of the item during the reporting period.
In this case, your cash account would be reported on the balance sheet as a negative ($500 cash in, minus $1,000 cash out = -$500) but wouldn’t show up on the income statement because it's not a cost until you sell that product.
#2 Offering Customers Credit
Your business allows its clients to pay for its goods or services via a credit account (Cash Flows From Financing).
When a customer pays with credit, the income statement reflects revenue but no cash is being added to the bank account. Similarly, any cash down payment will be reflected in the cash account, and the balance of the customer’s purchase will appear in accounts receivable on the balance sheet.
Meanwhile, the entire sale is recognized as revenue on the income statement, reflecting the legal obligation by the customer to pay for the purchase they made on credit. Therefore, in this scenario, the business could show a hefty profit, but without any cash having been exchanged between the two parties.
Read More: How a Credit Policy Can Stop Cash Flow Problems Before They Start
#3 Making Investments
Your company is buying equipment, products, and other long-term assets with cash (Cash Flows From Investments).
As a growing small business, you are likely to be spending more than you have in profits because the company is investing in long-term assets to fuel its expansion. These purchases typically involve an expenditure of cash.
However, the expense won’t be recognized in the same period as the cash outlay. That’s because the accounting standard is to expense the long-term asset gradually through depreciation over the useful life of the assets.
#4 Repaying a Loan
Your company decides to repay a loan from the bank (Cash Flows From Financing).
When a loan comes due, your business needs to use its cash to repay the bank. That can decrease your cash account substantially. However, accounting guidelines only allow the interest from the loan to be deducted as an expense to deduct when calculating profits.
Therefore, the principal payment lowers the cash account but does not affect profits.
#5 Prepaying an Expense
You purchase insurance or pre-pay rent (Cash Flows From Operations).
When your business makes a payment in advance, more cash is paid out than the product consumed during the period. Examples of typical prepaid items are taxes, insurance, and rent.
With accrual accounting, only the portion of the prepaid expense incurred during the reporting period will be deducted from revenues. Therefore, cash flow may suffer from the prepayment, but the expenses won’t take the same brunt. That scenario enables your business to filter more income to the bottom line for positive profits.
See the Full Picture With a Statement of Cash Flows
To see an accurate picture of your cash flow, you have to consider more than your company’s cash disbursem*nts. To understand the disappearing cash magic trick, take a closer look at the statement of cash flows and the changes in the balance sheet.
You’ll find your cash in hidden asset accounts like inventory, fixed assets, accounts receivable, and prepaid insurance. On the other hand, you might find hidden cash in using cash to pay down debt, such as credit cards, accounts payable, or bank loans.
That observation may help you realize that you may need to hold off on more investments and cash outlays – at least until your cash flow is king once again.
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